https://www.cmaj.ca/content/cmaj/192/6/E136.full.pdf

This was an article published in the Canadian Medical Association Journal in 2020. The main key points are highlighted below. I think it's helpful for me to know that there is a dose-response relationship. In our current society it's not realistic to abstain from tech use or even social media in certain cases. Helping clients determine what dose still gives them benefits but without as much harm may be a helpful approach.

KEY POINTS

• Evidence from a variety of cross-sectional, longitudinal and empirical studies implicate smartphone and social media use in the increase in mental distress, self-injurious behaviour and suicidality among youth; there is a dose–response relationship, and the effects appear to be greatest among girls.

• Social media can affect adolescents’ self-view and interpersonal relationships through social comparison and negative interactions, including cyberbullying; moreover, social media content often involves normalization and even promotion of self-harm and suicidality among youth.

• High proportions of youth engage in heavy smartphone use and media multitasking, with resultant chronic sleep deprivation, and negative effects on cognitive control, academic performance and socioemotional functioning.

• Clinicians can work collaboratively with youth and their families, using open, nonjudgmental and developmentally appropriate approaches to reduce potential harms from social media and smartphone use, including education and practical problem-solving.

• There is a need for public awareness campaigns and social policy initiatives that promote nurturing home and school environments that foster resilience as youth navigate the challenges of adolescence in today’s world.